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Irabha yemvelo iya ngokuya iduma njengenye indlela evumelana ne-eco-friendly ekufuneni ukuphila okuzinzile. Le nto ebolayo ebolayo, ephuma emanzini e-latex ezihlahla zenjoloba, inikeza izinzuzo eziningi zemvelo uma kuqhathaniswa namarabha okwenziwa, asekelwe ku-petroleum. Inqubo yokuvuna, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-rubber tapping, iklanyelwe ukusimama, evumela ukuqoqwa kobisi oluqhubekayo ngaphandle kokulimaza izihlahla. Imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngenjoloba yemvelo, njengezikhwama ezisebenziseka kabusha, a
Irabha yemvelo isiba enye indlela ethandwayo eco-friendly kunezirabha zokwenziwa ezisekelwe ku-petroleum, okubonisa ukwanda kwesidingo sokuphila okusimeme. Ngomlando osukela ku-1600 BC, irabha yemvelo ivunwa ngendlela eqhubekayo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-rubber tapping, enciphisa ukulimala ezihlahleni zenjoloba. Izinzuzo zayo zemvelo zihlanganisa ukutholakala okuvuselelekayo, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, kanye nokubola kwemvelo, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kuba
Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukukhanya ngomthelela ovame ukunganakwa wemvelo wamasimu enjoloba, okuyimbangela ephawulekayo yokugawulwa kwamahlathi ezindaweni ezishisayo. Igcizelela ukucekelwa phansi kwezimiso zemvelo ezibalulekile, njenge-Beng Per Wildlife Sanctuary e-Cambodia, njengoba umhlaba uqedwa ukuze ukhiqize injoloba, ngokuvamile okulimaza imiphakathi yoMdabu. Isidingo esandayo senjoloba, ikakhulukazi ukukhiqizwa kwamasondo, sibhebhezelwa nakakhulu ukwanda kwezimoto zikagesi, ezivame ukuguga
Wake wacabanga ukuthi irabha ingasindisa iplanethi? Zitholele ukukhiqizwa kwenjoloba okusimeme namuhla! Irabha yemvelo ithola amandla njengenye indlela eqhubekayo yamarabha okwenziwa, ekhanga abathengi abaqaphela imvelo yonke indawo. Ivunwa ku-latex yezihlahla zenjoloba, lokhu okubolayo okubolayo kunezinzuzo ezimangalisayo zemvelo, okuhlanganisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni encishisiwe namandla okugaywa kabusha. Inqubo yokuvuna eqhubekayo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-rubber tapping, ivumela ukukhishwa kwenc
Isihlahla senjoloba, ngokwesayensi esaziwa ngokuthi i-Hevea brasiliensis, sima ubude obufika kumafidi angu-130 futhi singaphila iminyaka eyikhulu, sikhiqiza ubisi olubalulekile lwe-latex oluvunwa ngenjoloba uma isihlahla sesineminyaka eyisithupha ubudala. Ekuqaleni sivela emahlathini aluhlaza ase-Amazon eNingizimu Melika, lesi sihlahla esikwazi ukumelana nokuqina siyachuma emahlathini anomswakama nasezindaweni eziphazamisekile, futhi sesithole indlela yokutshalwa kuyo yonke iNingizimu-mpumala
Ngasekupheleni kuka-2009, u-Ben Fodor wafaka i-persona ka-Phoenix Jones, iqhawe langempela lempilo e-Seattle, eqhutshwa isidingo semvunulo eyingqayizivele ukuze azihlukanise nezigebengu. Imizamo yakhe yokuqala yokulwa nobugebengu ayizange iphumelele, okugqanyiswe yisigemegeme se-net gun okuholele ekutheni abanjwe inkunzi. Nokho, engaphazanyiswa yila maphutha okuqala, wagcina ephumelele ngokumisa owayehlwitha isikhwama, okuphawula umzuzu obalulekile ohambweni lwakhe lokuqapha. Njengoba ezulazu
Wake wakucabanga ukwanga isihlahla? Kungase kuzwakale kuxakile, kodwa kukhona into ekhangayo ngokungangabazeki mayelana nokuxhumana nemvelo ngendlela eqondile. Manje, zicabange uhambisa lowo moya wokuxhumana ngokukhipha injoloba yemvelo! Le nqubo ayikuvumeli nje kuphela ukuthi uhlanganyele nemvelo kodwa futhi inikeza enye indlela esimeme yezinto zokwenziwa. Ngokungena emanzini ezihlahla zenjoloba, awugcini nje ukuvuna insiza; uhlanganyela esikweni elihlonishwa isikhathi eside elihlonipha umhl
Ukukhishwa kwenjoloba yemvelo kuphakamisa umbuzo othakazelisayo: ingabe isimangaliso esiluhlaza noma nje imfucumfucu enamathelayo? Ixhunywe emanzini ezihlahla ze-Hevea brasiliensis, le elastomer eyingqayizivele, ngokwesayensi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-caoutchouc, ihlukile kwezinye izindlela zokwenziwa ezifana ne-EPDM ne-silicone. Inqubo yokuthepha, ehlanganisa ukusika emagxolweni esihlahla ukuze kuqoqwe i-latex, iyinhlanganisela yobuciko nesayensi. Ngemva kokwelashwa nge-ammonia ne-asidi ukuvimbela
Lapho ukhetha imikhiqizo yasekhaya, ukuqonda imvelaphi yayo kanye nezinto zokwakha kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi kuma-rug pads angalimaza phansi uma engenziwanga kahle. Irabha yemvelo, etholakala ku-latex yezihlahla zenjoloba, ihlukile kunenjoloba yokwenziwa, eyenziwe umuntu. Irabha yemvelo yaziwa ngamandla ayo aphakeme okuqina nokunwebeka, okuyenza ilungele ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene njengamathoyizi, amathayi, namagilavu okuhlinza, kuyilapho irabha yokwenziwa idlula ukumelana nokugqo
Ulungele ukucwila ku-Diethyl Ether Synthesis? Joyina ubumnandi! I-Diethyl ether, noma i-ethoxyethane, iyinhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo ezihehayo ezilokhu zikhona kusukela ngo-1540, lapho uValerius Cordus eyibiza ngokuthi "amafutha amnandi e-vitriol." Lolu ketshezi olungenambala, oluvutha kakhulu, olunephunga elimnandi, elimnandi, aluyona nje insalela yesikhathi esidlule; inokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo namuhla, kusukela ekubeni yincibilikisi emalabhorethri kuya kuketshezi oluyisiq
Vula izimfihlo ze-Diethyl Ether Synthesis namuhla! Ingabe usukulungele ukucwila emhlabeni othakazelisayo we-ether synthesis? Ake sembule izimfihlakalo ngemuva kokudala ama-ether alinganayo, ikakhulukazi i-diethyl ether, ngokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi okune-asidi kotshwala obuyinhloko njenge-ethanol. Cabanga ngalokhu: ukushisisa i-ethanol ku-130-140 °C ethokomele, lapho umlingo wenzeka khona njengoba iqembu le-hydroxyl liba ne-protonated, lakha i-conjugate acid edansa ngokusabela kwe-SN2 ukuz
Ufuna ukwazi nge-diethyl ether synthesis? Kulula kunalokho ucabanga! I-Diethyl ether, isinyibilikisi esisebenza ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuvame ukuxoxwa ngayo ngokusetshenziswa kwayo okungokoqobo, kodwa masingakunaki ukuvutha kwayo kanye nobungozi bokwenza ama-peroxides aqhumayo. Ezinkundleni ezifana Nebhodi Lengxoxo Ye-Sciencemadness, abasebenzisi bangena ezindleleni zokukhiqiza i-diethyl ether esuka ku-ethanol ne-sulfuric acid, ukubhekana nezinselele kanye nesivuno esiphansi esihileleki
"I-Diethyl Ether Synthesis: Isinqamuleli Sakho Sempumelelo Yamakhemikhali!" iwumhlahlandlela wakho omkhulu wokufunda ubuciko be-ether synthesis, ikakhulukazi i-diethyl ether, isisekelo kukhemistri yemvelo. Lo mhlahlandlela ungena ezindleleni ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuhlanganisa kanye nokuhlanza i-diethyl ether, eyenzelwe osokhemisi abayizimfundamakhwela abamagange ukuhlola umhlaba we-organic synthesis. Iqala nge-classic sulfuric acid-catalyzed dehydration ye-ethanol, indlela, nakuba
Impela! Nasi isifinyezo esifushane esisekelwe olwazini olunikeziwe: Esiqeshini se-Crash Course Organic Chemistry esigxile otshwaleni, ama-ether, nama-epoxides, ukulandisa kuqala ngokuqhathanisa umbono wansuku zonke wotshwala njengesiphuzo nendima yakhona ebalulekile kukhemikhali yemvelo njengenhlanganisela eguquguqukayo. Icubungula ukuthi utshwala busebenza kanjani njengezisekelo zokwakha izinhlanganisela zezinto eziphilayo, kufaka phakathi ama-ether nama-epoxide. Isiqephu siveza izindlela ez
I-Esterification iwukusabela kwamakhemikhali okukhangayo lapho ama-alcohol nama-carboxylic acid ehlangana khona ukuze akhe ama-ester, izinhlanganisela ezibalulekile ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ezemithi neziqholo. Le nqubo ivamise ukusebenzisa i-Fischer esterification, lapho ukuba khona kwe-ejenti eqeda amanzi emzimbeni kusiza ukwenza kube lula ukusabela. Ama-Ester, aziwa ngamaphunga awo amnandi anezithelo, ashintshashintsha kakhulu kunama-carboxylic acids awo omzali, awenza abon
I-Esterification inqubo yamakhemikhali ethokozisayo lapho utshwala buhlangana ne-carboxylic acid ukukhiqiza i-ester namanzi. Lokhu kusabela ngokuvamile kudinga i-acid catalyst, njenge-sulfuric acid, futhi kuhilela izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwe-cation kanye nokususwa kwamanzi. Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulungiselela ama-ester, okuhlanganisa ukusabela kwe-asidi chloride notshwala, ama-acid anhydride anotshwala, kanye nokusabela okuqondile phakathi kwama-c
I-athikili idingida emhlabeni othakazelisayo wama-ester kubhiya omuncu, igcizelela indima yawo ebalulekile ekwenzeni amakha nama-flavour ahehayo. Ama-Ester, okuyizinhlanganisela zesisindo samangqamuzana aphansi ezakhiwe ngenxa yokusabela kwama-asidi notshwala, maningi kubhiya omuncu ngenxa yokugxila okuphezulu kwazo zombili izingxenye ezikhona ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa. Ukukhiqizwa kwalezi zinhlanganisela ezijabulisayo kuthonywa kakhulu i-yeast metabolism, ikakhulukazi ngesenzo se-enzyme I-Al
Ukujabulela ukudla kuwuhambo olujabulisayo oluhluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, njengoba abanye benambitheka ukunambitheka okuthile kuyilapho abanye bengakuthola kungakhangi kangako. Lokhu kuhluka kusuka ekusebenzelaneni okuyinkimbinkimbi kokunambitha, iphunga, ukuthungwa, umbala, nezinga lokushisa, konke okuhlangana ndawonye ukuze kuchazwe "ukunambitheka" kokudla. Izinzwa ezinhlanu zokunambitha—okumnandi, okubabayo, okumuncu, okusawoti, kanye ne-umami—zibalulekile kulokhu, njeng
I-Esterification ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuthakazelisayo lapho ama-alcohol nama-asidi ahlangana khona ukuze akhe ama-ester, ngokuvamile ama-ester e-carboxylic, ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Fischer esterification. Cabanga ngomdanso lapho iqembu le-hydroxyl (OH) le-carboxylic acid libekela eceleni kahle ukuze livule indawo yeqembu le-alkoxy (R′O) otshwaleni, konke ngaphansi kweso elibukhali le-inorganic acid catalyst eqinisekisa ukuthi yonke into ihamba kahle. Kodwa linda, kukhona okwengezi
I-athikili igxeka umqondo wegesi yemvelo "evuselelekayo", iphikisa ngokuthi empeleni iyi-methane, efana negesi yemvelo evamile, futhi ayinikezi isisombululo samandla ahlanzekile. Igqamisa ukuthi izinkampani zikaphethiloli wezinsalela zikhuthaza le gesi njengendlela yokugcina inzuzo yazo kuyilapho ziqhubeka nokufaka isandla ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu nasezindabeni zempilo yomphakathi. Ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwegesi yemvelo "evuselelekayo" kungabhebhethekisa ukungc
Ukulandisa okuphathelene negesi yemvelo "njengephethiloli yenguquko" ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuya kuphonselwa inselelo, njengoba ochwepheshe abafana noDean Cooper we-WWF begcizelela isimo sayo esidukisayo. Umbiko wakamuva we-IPCC ugcizelela ukuphuthuma kwesinyathelo esisheshayo sokunciphisa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke ku-1.5°C, okugqamisa ukuthi asikho isikhala sokuqhubeka nokuhlolwa kukaphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi. Naphezu kwemboni kaphethiloli wezinto ez
I-athikili idingida inkemba esika nhlangothi zombili yokukhiqizwa kwegesi yemvelo ye-shale, ibuza ukuthi iyinzuzo noma iyisisulu emnothweni wendawo. Ngamasu ahlabayo afana nokubhola okuvundlile kanye nokuqhekeka, i-US ibone ukwanda okumangalisayo kwemithombo yegesi yemvelo. Abameli baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kukhula kwamandla kungaqinisa ukuqashwa kwendawo futhi kuqinise izimo zomnotho, kuyilapho abangabazayo bephakamisa izixwayiso mayelana nemiphumela emibi engase ibe khona emikhakheni engaseb
Igesi yemvelo iwumthombo wamandla endaweni yamandla, idlala indima ebalulekile ezimpilweni zamakhaya namabhizinisi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-83 kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Melika. Akukhona nje ukufudumala ebusika noma ukudla okushisayo; igesi yemvelo ifana nokuphepha, ukufinyeleleka, nokwethembeka. Cabanga ukuhlwa okunethezekile ngezindleko eziphansi zezinsiza kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni encishisiwe—kuzwakala kukuhle, akunjalo? Ilethwa ngoxhaxha olubanzi lwamapayipi angaphansi komhlaba, i
Igesi yemvelo iya ngokuya iqashelwa njengomthombo wamandla wenguquko obalulekile ekususeni ezintweni ezimbiwa phansi eziyingozi njengamalahle namafutha, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zokubasa ezihlanzekile nokwethembeka. I-United States, njengomkhiqizi ohamba phambili, inikela cishe ngama-25% okunikezwayo komhlaba wonke, nezifunda ezinkulu zokukhiqiza ezihlanganisa iTexas, iPennsylvania, neLouisiana. Naphezu kokuba insiza enomkhawulo, igesi yemvelo ibalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zamandla, ib
Isitatimende Sobumfihlo: Ubumfihlo bakho bubaluleke kakhulu kithina. Inkampani yethu ithembisa ukungadaluli imininingwane yakho kunoma yikuphi ukuveza izimvume zakho ezicacile.
Gcwalisa eminye imininingwane ukuze ukwazi ukuxhumana nawe ngokushesha
Isitatimende Sobumfihlo: Ubumfihlo bakho bubaluleke kakhulu kithina. Inkampani yethu ithembisa ukungadaluli imininingwane yakho kunoma yikuphi ukuveza izimvume zakho ezicacile.